I-Tetrabutylammonium iodide(i-TBAI) iyinhlanganisela yamakhemikhali esithole ukunakwa okubalulekile emkhakheni we-organic chemistry.Kuwusawoti ovame ukusetshenziswa njenge-catalyst yokudlulisa isigaba.Izakhiwo ezihlukile ze-TBAI ziyenza ibe yinketho ekahle ezinhlotsheni eziningi zokusabela kwamakhemikhali, kodwa iyiphi indlela ebangela lokhu kusabela?
I-TBAI yaziwa ngekhono layo lokudlulisa ama-ion phakathi kwezigaba ezingahlangani.Lokhu kusho ukuthi kungenza ukusabela kwenzeke phakathi kwezinhlanganisela ebezingeke zikwazi ukuxhumana.I-TBAI iwusizo ikakhulukazi ekuphenduleni okubandakanya ama-halides, njengama-iodide, ngoba ingakhuphula ukunyibilika kwawo kuzinyibilikisi zemvelo kuyilapho igcina izici zayo ze-ionic.
Esinye sezicelo ezivame kakhulu ze-TBAI sisekuhlanganiseni kwezinhlanganisela eziphilayo.Uma i-TBAI yengezwa ohlelweni lokusabela lwezigaba ezimbili, ingakhuthaza ukudluliswa kwama-anion phakathi kwezigaba, ivumele ukusabela kwenzeke okungeke kwenzeke ngaphandle kokusetshenziswa kwe-catalyst.Isibonelo, i-TBAI isetshenziswe ekuhlanganiseni ama-nitriles angasetshenzisiwe ngokusabela kwama-ketone nge-sodium cyanide phambi kwe-catalyst.
Indlela yokusabela kwe-TBAI-catalyzed incike ekudlulisweni kwe-catalyst phakathi kwezigaba ezimbili.Ukuncibilika kwe-TBAI kuzincibilikisi zemvelo kuyisihluthulelo ekusebenzeni kwayo njenge-catalyst ngoba ivumela i-catalyst ukuthi ibambe iqhaza ekuphenduleni ngenkathi isasele esigabeni sezinto eziphilayo.Indlela yokusabela ingafinyezwa ngale ndlela elandelayo:
1. Ukuqedwa kweI-TBAIesigabeni esinamanzi
2. Ukudluliselwa kwe-TBAI esigabeni sezinto eziphilayo
3. Ukusabela kwe-TBAI ne-organic substrate ukwakha okumaphakathi
4. Ukudluliswa kwesigaba esiphakathi nendawo esinamanzi
5. Ukusabela kokumaphakathi ne-aqueous reactant ukukhiqiza umkhiqizo ofunekayo
Ukusebenza kwe-TBAI njenge-catalyst kungenxa yekhono layo eliyingqayizivele lokudlulisa ama-ion kuzo zonke izigaba ezimbili, kuyilapho igcina i-ionic yawo.Lokhu kufinyelelwa yi-lipophilicity ephezulu yamaqembu e-alkyl ye-molecule ye-TBAI ehlinzeka ngesivikelo se-hydrophobic ezungeze i-cationic moiety.Lesi sici se-TBAI sinikeza ukuzinza kuma-ion adlulisiwe futhi senza ukusabela kuqhubeke kahle.
Ngokungeziwe ekusetshenzisweni kokuhlanganiswa, i-TBAI iphinde yasetshenziswa ezinhlobonhlobo zokunye ukusabela kwamakhemikhali.Ngokwesibonelo, iye yasetshenziswa ekulungiseni izinto eziphuma ku-amide, i-amidine, ne-urea.I-TBAI iphinde yasetshenziswa ekuphenduleni okubandakanya ukwakheka kwamabhondi e-carbon-carbon noma ukususwa kwamaqembu asebenzayo njengama-halogen.
Sengiphetha, indlela yeI-TBAI-ukusabela okwenziwe nge-catalyzed kusekelwe ekudlulisweni kwama-ion phakathi kwezigaba ezingenakulinganiswa, ezinikwe amandla izici eziyingqayizivele ze-molecule ye-TBAI.Ngokuphromotha ukusabela phakathi kwezinhlanganisela ebezingase zingasebenzi, i-TBAI isiphenduke ithuluzi elibalulekile losokhemisi bokwenziwa kuzo zonke izinkambu ezihlukene.Ukusebenza kwayo nokuguquguquka kwayo kuyenza ibe yi-catalyst kulabo abafuna ukwandisa ikhithi yabo yamathuluzi yamakhemikhali.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: May-10-2023